Both retrospective and prospective clinical studies have demonstrated positive associations of smoking with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and anxiety. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) belong to a family of ligand-gated ion channels that are widely distributed in the brain. The pre-synaptically located nAChR, which are composed of α3 or α4 subunits in combination with β2 subunit on axon terminals, modulate the multiple transmission release. Several studies indicated which individual nicotinic receptor subtype is responsible for mediating each of the behavioral effects of nicotine. A reduced number of α7 nicotinic receptor subtypes in the hippocampus were reported in schizophrenic patients. In addition, it was assumed that nicotine provided useful therapeutic treatment for a variety of cognitive impairments including those found in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactive disorder. Both α7 and α4β2 nicotinic receptors in the hippocampus are involved in these phenomena. In the genetic depressive rats, nicotine showed antidepressant-like effects in forced swim models of depression, suggesting the involvement of α4β2 nicotinic receptor in this phenomenon. Thus, it appears likely that pre-synaptic nAChR on monoaminergic fibers are composed of α3 or α4 subunits in combination with the β2 subunit, and these subunit compositions mediate dopaminergic and noradrenergic release, and glutamate is mainly controlled by the α7 subunit. All these findings suggest that nicotine and other nicotinic drugs warrant further study for possible clinical prescription to psychiatric disorders.