We examined the abundance and distribution of prey in four different height strata and eight tree species in a temperate forest, and analyzed the influence on foraging preference by three breeding tit (Parus) species. Densities of arthropod prey for tits in canopy foliage varied with tree species but not with height. Most of them were Lepidoptera larvae. Also, interspecific differences in choice of foraging substrate were found between tree species but not in height. These results demonstrate that tree species composition is a more important habitat factor than foliage height profile for coexistence of different tit species in forests. We examined four different measures of prey abundance to find how tits chose tree species. The largest species, the Great Tit P. major, preferred the tree species with high total biomass, and the intermediate-sized Willow Tit P. montanus preferred those with high density per leaf area. Concentrated searching for prey on a few tree species with high total biomass may be a useful strategy for inflexible perch-gleaners such as P. major, and finer-scale searching on each leaf may be more practical for agile foragers such as P. montanus which often hang-glean to reach less accessible food. In spite of these differences, both species gained benefits from choosing the tree species on which they foraged most efficiently. In contrast, the smallest species, the Coal Tit P. ater, frequently foraged on food-poor tree species. Of the three tit species, P. ater was the most generalized forager, using diverse techniques on a variety of tree species and specializing at capturing small prey quickly. These foraging patterns may make it possible for the smallest species to coexist with the other tit species.

This article cannot obtain the latest cited-by information.